Résumé - Traduction - Oeuvres - Choix bibliographique - Choix iconographique - Jugements
Daughter of Marguerite de Foix and François
II, duke of Brittany, Anne was born in Nantes on Jan. 25, 1477.
Upon her father's death in Sept. 1488, at a time when French forces
occupied much of her duchy, the young Anne was crowned duchess
of Brittany in Rennes (Feb. 1489). The strong-willed girl refused
to wed Alain d'Albret but agreed to a marriage by procuration
with Maximilian I, king of the Romans, in Dec. 1489. Besieged
in Rennes, she was forced, however, to accept marriage to the
French king Charles VIII in Dec. 1491 as part of a peace treaty,
thereby losing control of Brittany and invalidating her union
with Maximilian. At fifteen, Anne was crowned queen of France
at Saint-Denis and made her entry into Paris in Feb. 1492. Jubilation
at the birth of Charles Orlando in October 1492 turned to deep
grief at his premature death three years later. Anne's secondary
role at court, whose center was Amboise and Moulins, was offset
by the more active involvement of her sister-in-law, Anne of Beaujeu,
in political affairs during Charles VIII's military campaign in
Italy in 1495-96.
With the king's unexpected death in 1498,
Anne regained sovereignty over Brittany. By all accounts her marriage
to King Louis XII in Jan. 1499 resulted in a happier union, in
part because Anne retained control of Brittany and its revenues
and was treated with greater deference. Her influence in French
political matters was nonetheless restricted, although she was
occasionally active behind the scenes in opposing Louis' military
campaigns in Italy, particularly against the pope, and in intermittent
negotiations with the Spanish, to whom she was related through
her mother. A second coronation at Saint-Denis and entry into
Paris took place in 1504.
With the court based at Blois, Anne's sizeable
household was greatly expanded to include larger numbers of women;
she also engaged the leading writers and artists of her time.
Of note are the many works dedicated to or commissioned by the
queen, including the illuminated manuscripts of André de
la Vigne's account of her 1504 coronation, Antoine du Four's Vies
des femmes célèbres (1506), Jean Marot's Voyage
de Gênes (1507), Jean Lemaire's Illustrations de
Gaule (Book III) (1512) and the Grandes Heures d'Anne de
Bretagne, so superbly decorated by Jean Bourdichon (1508).
These formed part of the substantial library Anne shared with
her two husbands. Success in bearing two daughters, Claude in
1499 and Renée in 1510, was mitigated by repeated failures
to produce a male heir on at least four other occasions. Despite
numerous treaties with the Habsburgs (1500, 1503, 1504), Anne
was ultimately ineffective in her efforts to protect the future
independence of Brittany by orchestrating the marriage of Claude
to Charles of Austria (the future Charles V). Undermined by the
proviso in Louis' will of 1505 that Claude marry François
of Angoulême, heir apparent and Louise's son, which led
to a temporary estrangement between king and queen -a document
which also named Anne and her rival Louise de Savoie as regents
should he die- Anne came to accept the union as inevitable. It
was officially consummated shortly after her death. The queen's
accusation of treason against the marshal de Gié (Pierre
de Rohan), whose plans to safeguard the transfer of power should
Louis XII die included deterring Anne and Claude from fleeing
to Brittany (1503), resulted in a protracted inquiry and trial.
The resolution of the legal matter in Feb. 1506 left Anne with
a limited victory, for although the marshal lost his military
command and rank, the charges of treason were dropped. Anne's
death on Jan. 9, 1514 so aggrieved Louis XII that he orchestrated
an elaborate funeral, with the queen's cortege taking five weeks
to wend its way from Blois to Saint-Denis, followed by a ceremony
in March in Nantes where Anne's heart was buried. Over thirty
illuminated manuscripts of Pierre Choque's account of the event
survive.
As the only French queen to be twice crowned,
Anne has long been praised for her intelligence, generosity and
piety, although historians have criticized her supposed prudishness
and, more significantly, her privileging of Brittany's interests
over those of France. Recent assessments emphasize the cultural
refinement she brought to the French court and suggest that, in
the end, Anne's main objectives, namely Breton independence, the
birth of a male heir, the marriage of Claude to Charles of Austria
and peace, lay beyond her limited powers as queen.
(traduction de Pierre Bras)
OEUVRES
- Lettres : Georges Minois parle d'environ deux cent vingts lettres
conservées. On les trouve dans Quelques Lettres d'Anne
de Bretagne, par M. l'abbé Durville, Paris, Imprimerie
nationale, 1908, 39 p. [extrait du Bull. hist. & phil.,
1907] et dans «Lettres inédites de la Duchesse Anne»
[par J. Gaultier du Mottay], in Mémoires de la Société
d'Histoire et d'Archéologie des Côtes-du-Nord,
t.III, 1857.
CHOIX BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE
- Jones, Michael,. «Les Manuscrits d'Anne de Bretagne»,
Mém. de la Soc. d'Hist. et d'Arch. de Bretagne,
55, 1978, p.43-81.
- Le Fur, Didier, Anne de Bretagne. Miroir d'une reine.
Historiographie d'un mythe, Paris, Librairie Édition
Guénégaud, 2000.
- Leroux de Lincy, A., Vie de la reine Anne de Bretagne,.
Paris, L. Curmier, 1860-1861, 4 vol.
- Matarasso, Pauline,. Queen's Mate,. Aldershot, Ashgate,
2001.
* Minois, George,. Anne de Bretagne,. Paris, Fayard, 1999.
CHOIX ICONOGRAPHIQUE
- Anonyme (Jean Perréal?), Anne de Bretagne (peinture
a tempera sur bois), vers 1492, Paris, BnF (ms. lat. 1190)
-- Avril, François et Nicole Reynaud, Les Manuscrits
à peinture en France 1440-1520, Paris, Flammarion,
1995, no 206, p.367.
http://images.bnf.fr
- Bourdichon, Jean, Anne de Bretagne (enluminure), vers
1503-1508, Paris, BnF (ms. lat. 9474, fol.3) -- Bourdichon, Jean,
Les Heures d'Anne de Bretagne, Émile Mâle
(éd.), Paris, Verbe, 1946.
http://images.bnf.fr
- Bourdichon, Jean, «Jean Marot offrant son livre du Voyages
de Gênes à Anne de Bretagne» (enluminure),
vers 1508. Paris, BnF (ms. fr. 5091, fol.1) -- Avril et Reynaud,
voir supra, no 167, p.303.
http://images.bnf.fr
- Bourdichon, Jean, Anne de Bretagne écrivant une lettre
(enluminure), vers 1510, Saint-Pétersbourg, Bibliothèque
nationale de Russie (ms. Fr. F.v.XIV, 8, fol.1v) -- Avril et Reynaud,
voir supra, no 168, p.305.
- Maître de la Chronique scandaleuse. «Le couronnement
d'Anne de Bretagne en 1504» (enluminure), vers 1505, Waddesdon
Manor (ms. 22, fol.1v) -- L. M. J. Delaissé, James Morrow
et John de Wit, Illuminated Manuscripts, Londres, National
Trust, 1977, fig.11, p.481.
LIENS ELECTRONIQUES
- J. Pierpont Morgan Library, exposition en ligne: le Livre
d'heures d'Anne de Bretagne par Jean Poyet:
http://www.morganlibrary.org/exhibitions/online/html/index_1024.html
JUGEMENTS
- «Et tantost apprés se leva la tresheureuse dame
de son siege pour aller devant ledit grant autel, et la estre
pour la seconde foys precieusement sacree et dignement couronnee,
ainsi que celle qui par ses bonnes meurs tant vertueuses l'avoit
merité. Et luy en appartenoit l'excellence et tryumphe
de memoire perpetuelle, non a aultre, comme ainsi soit qu'en nulles
croniques ne histoires, tant soyent antiques ou modernes, ne soit
trouvé le pareil cas estre advenue» (André
de la Vigne, «Le Sacre et couronnement d'Anne de
Bretagne», in Pierre Gringore, Les Entrées
royales à Paris de Marie d'Angleterre (1514) et Claude
de France (1517), éd. Cynthia J. Brown, Genève,
Droz, 2005, p.288-295).
- «Par ses contradictions -sa piété formelle
à laquelle se mêle une grande dureté de coeur
dictée par des intérêts égoïstes
et familiaux-, elle est un peu en décalage par rapport
à son temps. [...] Elle a fait ce qu'elle a pu, d'une façon
que l'on peut contester, avec toute son énergie, dans le
cadre qui lui était imparti. [...] Ce fut sans doute la
dernière souveraine médiévale» (G.
Minois, Anne de Bretagne, voir supra, choix bibliog.,
p.522).
- «A female sovereign marrying a foreign prince was automatically
divided against herself. Furthermore, Anne's apprenticeship as
queen of France, grafted onto her experience as ruler of a principality
fighting for its very existence, was not of a kind to give her
a strong sense of belonging: desired not for herself, but for
her castles and her coastline, she was propelled into the victor's
bed and then politically sidelined. [...] She might legitmately
be charged [...] with reassuming the crown of France in 1498 while
reserving her allegiance. [...] But she had, too, to provide Brittany
with an heir. [...] The future conflict of interests was inherent
in the situation» (P. Matarasso, Queen's Mate, voir
supra, choix bibliog., p.280).
Cynthia J. Brown, 2005.