Résumé - Traduction - Oeuvres - Choix bibliographique - Choix iconographique - Jugements

Daughter of Marguerite de Foix and François II, duke of Brittany, Anne was born in Nantes on Jan. 25, 1477. Upon her father's death in Sept. 1488, at a time when French forces occupied much of her duchy, the young Anne was crowned duchess of Brittany in Rennes (Feb. 1489). The strong-willed girl refused to wed Alain d'Albret but agreed to a marriage by procuration with Maximilian I, king of the Romans, in Dec. 1489. Besieged in Rennes, she was forced, however, to accept marriage to the French king Charles VIII in Dec. 1491 as part of a peace treaty, thereby losing control of Brittany and invalidating her union with Maximilian. At fifteen, Anne was crowned queen of France at Saint-Denis and made her entry into Paris in Feb. 1492. Jubilation at the birth of Charles Orlando in October 1492 turned to deep grief at his premature death three years later. Anne's secondary role at court, whose center was Amboise and Moulins, was offset by the more active involvement of her sister-in-law, Anne of Beaujeu, in political affairs during Charles VIII's military campaign in Italy in 1495-96.
With the king's unexpected death in 1498, Anne regained sovereignty over Brittany. By all accounts her marriage to King Louis XII in Jan. 1499 resulted in a happier union, in part because Anne retained control of Brittany and its revenues and was treated with greater deference. Her influence in French political matters was nonetheless restricted, although she was occasionally active behind the scenes in opposing Louis' military campaigns in Italy, particularly against the pope, and in intermittent negotiations with the Spanish, to whom she was related through her mother. A second coronation at Saint-Denis and entry into Paris took place in 1504.
With the court based at Blois, Anne's sizeable household was greatly expanded to include larger numbers of women; she also engaged the leading writers and artists of her time. Of note are the many works dedicated to or commissioned by the queen, including the illuminated manuscripts of André de la Vigne's account of her 1504 coronation, Antoine du Four's Vies des femmes célèbres (1506), Jean Marot's Voyage de Gênes (1507), Jean Lemaire's Illustrations de Gaule (Book III) (1512) and the Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne, so superbly decorated by Jean Bourdichon (1508). These formed part of the substantial library Anne shared with her two husbands. Success in bearing two daughters, Claude in 1499 and Renée in 1510, was mitigated by repeated failures to produce a male heir on at least four other occasions. Despite numerous treaties with the Habsburgs (1500, 1503, 1504), Anne was ultimately ineffective in her efforts to protect the future independence of Brittany by orchestrating the marriage of Claude to Charles of Austria (the future Charles V). Undermined by the proviso in Louis' will of 1505 that Claude marry François of Angoulême, heir apparent and Louise's son, which led to a temporary estrangement between king and queen -a document which also named Anne and her rival Louise de Savoie as regents should he die- Anne came to accept the union as inevitable. It was officially consummated shortly after her death. The queen's accusation of treason against the marshal de Gié (Pierre de Rohan), whose plans to safeguard the transfer of power should Louis XII die included deterring Anne and Claude from fleeing to Brittany (1503), resulted in a protracted inquiry and trial. The resolution of the legal matter in Feb. 1506 left Anne with a limited victory, for although the marshal lost his military command and rank, the charges of treason were dropped. Anne's death on Jan. 9, 1514 so aggrieved Louis XII that he orchestrated an elaborate funeral, with the queen's cortege taking five weeks to wend its way from Blois to Saint-Denis, followed by a ceremony in March in Nantes where Anne's heart was buried. Over thirty illuminated manuscripts of Pierre Choque's account of the event survive.
As the only French queen to be twice crowned, Anne has long been praised for her intelligence, generosity and piety, although historians have criticized her supposed prudishness and, more significantly, her privileging of Brittany's interests over those of France. Recent assessments emphasize the cultural refinement she brought to the French court and suggest that, in the end, Anne's main objectives, namely Breton independence, the birth of a male heir, the marriage of Claude to Charles of Austria and peace, lay beyond her limited powers as queen.

(traduction de Pierre Bras)

OEUVRES
- Lettres : Georges Minois parle d'environ deux cent vingts lettres conservées. On les trouve dans Quelques Lettres d'Anne de Bretagne, par M. l'abbé Durville, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1908, 39 p. [extrait du Bull. hist. & phil., 1907] et dans «Lettres inédites de la Duchesse Anne» [par J. Gaultier du Mottay], in Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire et d'Archéologie des Côtes-du-Nord, t.III, 1857.

CHOIX BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE
- Jones, Michael,. «Les Manuscrits d'Anne de Bretagne», Mém. de la Soc. d'Hist. et d'Arch. de Bretagne, 55, 1978, p.43-81.
- Le Fur, Didier, Anne de Bretagne. Miroir d'une reine. Historiographie d'un mythe, Paris, Librairie Édition Guénégaud, 2000.
- Leroux de Lincy, A., Vie de la reine Anne de Bretagne,. Paris, L. Curmier, 1860-1861, 4 vol.
- Matarasso, Pauline,. Queen's Mate,. Aldershot, Ashgate, 2001.
* Minois, George,. Anne de Bretagne,. Paris, Fayard, 1999.

CHOIX ICONOGRAPHIQUE
- Anonyme (Jean Perréal?), Anne de Bretagne (peinture a tempera sur bois), vers 1492, Paris, BnF (ms. lat. 1190) -- Avril, François et Nicole Reynaud, Les Manuscrits à peinture en France 1440-1520, Paris, Flammarion, 1995, no 206, p.367.
http://images.bnf.fr
- Bourdichon, Jean, Anne de Bretagne (enluminure), vers 1503-1508, Paris, BnF (ms. lat. 9474, fol.3) -- Bourdichon, Jean, Les Heures d'Anne de Bretagne, Émile Mâle (éd.), Paris, Verbe, 1946.
http://images.bnf.fr
- Bourdichon, Jean, «Jean Marot offrant son livre du Voyages de Gênes à Anne de Bretagne» (enluminure), vers 1508. Paris, BnF (ms. fr. 5091, fol.1) -- Avril et Reynaud, voir supra, no 167, p.303.
http://images.bnf.fr
- Bourdichon, Jean, Anne de Bretagne écrivant une lettre (enluminure), vers 1510, Saint-Pétersbourg, Bibliothèque nationale de Russie (ms. Fr. F.v.XIV, 8, fol.1v) -- Avril et Reynaud, voir supra, no 168, p.305.
- Maître de la Chronique scandaleuse. «Le couronnement d'Anne de Bretagne en 1504» (enluminure), vers 1505, Waddesdon Manor (ms. 22, fol.1v) -- L. M. J. Delaissé, James Morrow et John de Wit, Illuminated Manuscripts, Londres, National Trust, 1977, fig.11, p.481.

LIENS ELECTRONIQUES
- J. Pierpont Morgan Library, exposition en ligne: le Livre d'heures d'Anne de Bretagne par Jean Poyet:
http://www.morganlibrary.org/exhibitions/online/html/index_1024.html

JUGEMENTS
- «Et tantost apprés se leva la tresheureuse dame de son siege pour aller devant ledit grant autel, et la estre pour la seconde foys precieusement sacree et dignement couronnee, ainsi que celle qui par ses bonnes meurs tant vertueuses l'avoit merité. Et luy en appartenoit l'excellence et tryumphe de memoire perpetuelle, non a aultre, comme ainsi soit qu'en nulles croniques ne histoires, tant soyent antiques ou modernes, ne soit trouvé le pareil cas estre advenue» (André de la Vigne, «Le Sacre et couronnement d'Anne de Bretagne», in Pierre Gringore, Les Entrées royales à Paris de Marie d'Angleterre (1514) et Claude de France (1517), éd. Cynthia J. Brown, Genève, Droz, 2005, p.288-295).
- «Par ses contradictions -sa piété formelle à laquelle se mêle une grande dureté de coeur dictée par des intérêts égoïstes et familiaux-, elle est un peu en décalage par rapport à son temps. [...] Elle a fait ce qu'elle a pu, d'une façon que l'on peut contester, avec toute son énergie, dans le cadre qui lui était imparti. [...] Ce fut sans doute la dernière souveraine médiévale» (G. Minois, Anne de Bretagne, voir supra, choix bibliog., p.522).
- «A female sovereign marrying a foreign prince was automatically divided against herself. Furthermore, Anne's apprenticeship as queen of France, grafted onto her experience as ruler of a principality fighting for its very existence, was not of a kind to give her a strong sense of belonging: desired not for herself, but for her castles and her coastline, she was propelled into the victor's bed and then politically sidelined. [...] She might legitmately be charged [...] with reassuming the crown of France in 1498 while reserving her allegiance. [...] But she had, too, to provide Brittany with an heir. [...] The future conflict of interests was inherent in the situation» (P. Matarasso, Queen's Mate, voir supra, choix bibliog., p.280).

Cynthia J. Brown, 2005.


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